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Product details
File Size: 28374 KB
Print Length: 350 pages
Page Numbers Source ISBN: 1935925628
Publisher: Peace Corps Writers; 2 edition (August 9, 2016)
Publication Date: August 9, 2016
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B01K5E6266
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David Koren went to Nigeria's eastern region as a Peace Corps volunteer, a school teacher, in the 1960s. After he completed his tour he went back to the United States but when Nigeria was torn apart by civil war he took an opportunity to help with the humanitarian relief efforts underway to save the women and children of the breakaway state of Biafra. This is his story.Koren does a great job talking about his work with children in the eastern region, his own personal life on leaving the Peace Corps and the problems his group found at Sao Tome on arrival there. I like his attitude... when Nigeria needed teachers he was a teacher. When the airlift needed people to organize the aid coming in for Biafra he helped sort out the warehouses. When they needed aircraft mechanics more than they needed warehouse minders he became a mechanic. And in all of this Koren does a great job of telling the story of the airlift itself, a dangerous job given the problems involved in airlifting aid at night to indifferent airfields in Biafra, flying older aircraft and doing it all during the ever-present threat of Nigerian MiGs. One part that did detract from the book was the Death of Buckwheat episode. An African-American named Augie Martin DID die flying a Constellation during the airlift but he was NOT the child actor who played Buckwheat (this was Billie Thomas, who didn't die until 1980). Things like this tend to detract from the book.A good memoir. Illustrated with black and white photos.
After the Peace Corps had to leave Nigeria because the Biafran Civil War started, Koren returned to help unload planes that aid agencies were flying food in because the Biafrans (Igbos) were surrounded and being starved to death. Koren trained for the Peace Corps at the same place I did (UCLA), arrived just as I was due to leave, and in telling about his Peace Corps experience, mentions one woman who was in my training group. From my travels in what was then the Eastern Region of Nigeria (I was in the North), I could identify many of the towns and also his experiences as a Peace Corps Volunteer. He wrote a shorter version about his experience and Peace Corps alums told him he needed to expand it into a book. He discovered some tapes he had done during his time working on the airlift so he was able to develop it into a book I am find fascinating as well as tragic. The Igbos/Biafrans later had to surrender. Oil in the southern part of the Eastern region, and religious differences between Muslims and Christians contributed to the civil war and are still the sources of big problems today.Koren takes a job offered by UNICEF (offered because of his previous experience in the East as a PCVolunteer) unloading planes at the Biafran runway at Uli, a section of highway that only operates after dark with a single radio beacon and with the lights turned on just as the plane lands so it will not be spotted and bombed by the Nigerian air force. Koren's role is to oversee unloading the planes as fast as possible so they can take off and do one or two more trips before daylight. He is working with the World Council of Churches and Roman Catholic Caritas bringing in food aid because Biafra is surrounded and the people are starving. Other planes from other locations are bringing in weapons, etc. His base is the Portuguese colony of Sao Tome, off the Nigerian coast in the Bite of Benin, about 350 miles away. For a long time he does not get into Biafara because of conflicts with the officials in Biafra and the airlift and mission agencies. When he does, he and his colleagues come in on the first flight of the evening, unload the aid flights as they come in, and then fly back to Sao Tome on the last flight. Before he can get in, he works in Sao Tome organizing the warehouses with all the foodstuffs arriving by ship and waiting to be flown in. Then he gets trained and works as an airplane mechanic, servicing the propeller planes. It is a complexity and tension of relationships among the various groups and agencies and governments. It was the view of some governments that the food airlift should not have been; it prolonged the war. Koren argues forcefully that thousands of people would have died. And doing nothing would have contributed to genocide, wiping out the Igbos. Interestingly, Koren found out that the U.S. government was quietly paying for 90% of the food aid and the costs of the airlift, while officially supporting a "One Nigeria" policy.
Pogrom victims face the ultimate dilemma: Should they die fighting for their lives? Or should they beg for mercy and hope that determined killers would have a change of heart?Dealing with a choice this excruciating is bad enough, but it doesn't end there. There's also the frustration, even anger, that pogrom survivors must face when people who have never walked in their shoes pontificate on how they (and by implication the victims who didn't survive) should have reacted while being hunted down for elimination.Many ask: How could they have walked so meekly to their deaths? Why didn't they fight for their lives? Or: What made them think they had any chance against such powerful enemies? Couldn't they see that resistance was futile? It's easy for historians or anyone else (especially those who have never directly witnessed a pogrom, let alone come close to being at the receiving end of one) to hold facile debates from very safe, comfortable locations about pogrom victims.David Koren does not default to this familiar trait in his book, Far Away in the Sky: A Memoir of the Biafran Airlift. Instead, he offers uncommon insight and empathy on the situation that faced the people of Nigeria's Eastern Region just before they tried to break away as the Republic of Biafra in 1967. This secession attempt came after two rounds of pogroms in which tens of thousands of eastern Nigerians were killed in 1966. It helps that Koren actually lived in the Eastern Region for three years before the Nigeria-Biafra War broke out in July 1967. As a Peace Corps volunteer teaching in a secondary school in the region, he had come to understand the place and its ethnic-majority Igbo people better than most Americans ever could. The Igbo people - unapologetically industrious, grudgingly admired, widely dispersed, but also widely envied and disliked all over Nigeria - were the primary victims of the pogrom that preceded the war, and Koren witnessed them burying their dead in 1966.He writes in Chapter Two: "Igbo civilians in Northern Nigeria were slaughtered and their property confiscated or burned. One Peace Corps volunteer in Kano in the North said she was sick of seeing dead bodies lying in the streets. A mass exodus began of refugees fleeing the sabon garis of the North and returning to the Eastern Region. Every day hundreds arrived at the train station in Umuahia with fresh tales of horror. One train brought a headless body. I saw this from my home in Amaogwugwu. All of these people were absorbed into their villages of origin, even when generations had passed between those who had left and their descendants who returned. New huts were constructed and donations of food and clothing were requested. Peace Corps volunteers along with everybody else contributed. Although this was a great burden on the local population, it was effective in caring for the refugees. And therefore there were no refugee camps with deplorable conditions to catch the attention of the world media."One can't help wondering: Would the international community have been more sympathetic to the enormous pain suffered by the people of Eastern Nigeria if there had indeed been refugee camps with deplorable conditions to catch the attention of the world media? Did the resourcefulness of the people in what became Biafra actually work against them in this respect?Anyway, Koren came face-to-face with the brutality that can stem from deep-seated ethnic and religious hatred in Nigeria, a tortured, dysfunctional country cobbled together by the British for their own ends. He saw firsthand the psychic wound that the pogroms of 1966 inflicted on its victims, who subsequently came to be known as Biafrans. So he didn't have to waste his time asking why the Biafrans kept on fighting against all odds even when their military situation seemed hopeless.One year and three months after the war began, Koren volunteered to help the effort to save the lives of civilians in blockaded Biafra - a difficult task led mostly by church-based international relief organizations. Based in the Portuguese-ruled island of Sao Tome, Koren flew into Biafra many times on relief planes. As an emergency aircraft mechanic, he helped keep some of those planes flying, helped unload desperately needed food under the threat of bombing raids at Biafra's last remaining airstrip (its only lifeline to the outside world for most of the 30-month-long war), and helped bring back to an orphanage in Sao Tome some of the starving children who were near death.In other words, Koren's book demonstrates remarkable (though not surprising) insight about the Nigeria-Biafra War. The same cannot be said of some of the people who were making confident pronouncements about Biafra during the war, and even now. Since the war ended in 1970, a number of freelance humanitarian-intervention "experts", academic historians and foreign policy commentators have claimed that allowing the Nigerian military - fully backed as it was by ample weapons supplies from both Britain and the Soviet Union - to kill off Biafra quickly would have saved more lives than breaking the Nigerian blockade to feed Biafra's civilians. Those who promote this argument should do themselves a favor and read this eyewitness account by someone who was actually in Biafra before it became known as Biafra.Well, the quick-kill theory is not just speculative and borderline spurious. It is morally deficient. It insults the intelligence of Biafrans who tried to save their own lives when their own country, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, refused to help protect them in any way or to compensate them for their losses. And it belittles the lives and memories of the victims of the pogroms that led to the Nigeria-Biafra War in the first place.Koren does not put it quite so bluntly in his book, but his arguments reflect a principle I personally share, as a survivor of the pogroms and the war itself: To suggest that a people facing mass murder are somehow foolhardy in trying to defend themselves is intellectually dishonest and inherently arrogant. If anyone prefers to look the other way in the face of mass murder, the least they could do is not blame the victims for trying to defend themselves. It does not matter if their self-defense efforts are not exactly perfect or fully equipped; they have a right to fight for their lives the way they know how, as long as they don't cross the line from self-defense to gratuitous revenge killings.There's an age-old Igbo adage that says: "Onye ajuru aju anaghi aju onwe ya." (He who is rejected does not reject himself.) For the Biafrans, the pogroms of 1966 were a clear message of rejection from their compatriots in Nigeria. That is why they fought back.You don't have to agree with David L. Koren's perspective to recognize the contribution his book makes to the understanding of the Nigeria-Biafra conflict and, by extension, today's Nigeria. Even now, more than 40 years after it reabsorbed Biafra by force, Nigeria remains a troubled country known more for corruption and dim-witted governance than anything else. The deep differences in worldview and outlook among Nigeria's population continue to manifest themselves in violent ways. The body count continues to rise in the Boko Haram terror group's ongoing campaign to impose Islamic rule on, not just its northern Nigerian home base, but the entire country. Like it or not, in many ways, Biafra, even in the throes of war and starvation 40+ years ago, was much more efficiently run than today's Nigeria has been since the war ended in January 1970.Koren has written a very engaging book. And it's not just all about Biafra. Reading the account of how he and his Peace Corps colleague Elner McCraty got married just before he headed out to join the Biafran airlift in October 1968 is fascinating. Then there's the amazing story of how they both hitched a ride from Sao Tome back to the United States (by way of Brazil and Trinidad) on an old plane with no licensed co-pilot in April 1969. I found myself muttering from time to time, "Wow."
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Mei 26, 2010
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